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In the applied sciences, normative science is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular policy or class of policies.〔Lackey (2004)〕 Regular or traditional ''science'' does not presuppose a ''policy'' preference, but normative science, by definition, does.〔Ooms (2014)〕 Common examples of such policy preferences are arguments that pristine ''ecosystems'' are preferable to human altered ones, that native species are preferable to nonnative species, and higher ''biodiversity'' is preferable to lower biodiversity.〔Lackey (2007)〕〔Wilhere (2012)〕 In more general philosophical terms, normative science is a form of inquiry, typically involving a community of inquiry and its accumulated body of provisional knowledge, that seeks to discover good ways of achieving recognized aims, ends, goals, objectives, or purposes.〔Sabine (1912)〕〔Brueckner (2005)〕 Many political debates revolve around arguments over which of the many "good ways" shall be selected.〔Short (2012)〕 For example, when presented as scientific information, words such as ecosystem health, biology integrity, and degraded ecosystems are typically examples of normative science because they each presuppose a policy preference and are therefore a type of policy advocacy.〔Landis (2009)〕〔Wilhere (2012)〕 ==See also== * Descriptive knowledge * Descriptive science * Is–ought problem * Normative economics * Normative ethics * Policy advocacy * Science * Science wars * Truth 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Normative science」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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